Development of minimally invasive techniques for management of medically-complicated obesity

Table 1 Proposed physiological roles of gastrointestinal peptide hormones

Hormone	Localization	Proposed physiological roles
Peptide YY	Ileum and colon	Inhibits gastric emptying/intestinal transit; possible blockade of hunger
Glucagon-like	Ileum and colon	Delays gastric emptying;
Peptide 1		Incretin: Augments insulin secretion
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide	Duodenum and proximal jejunum	Incretin: Augments insulin secretion
Oxyntomodulin	Ileum and colon	Blockade of hunger; inhibits gastric secretion and emptying
Ghrelin	Gastric fundus	Appetite stimulant; increases gastric motility
Pancreatic polypeptide	Pancreas	Suppresses food intake; inhibits gastric emptying
Cholecystokinin	Duodenum and proximal jejunum	Suppresses food intake; initiates satiety; inhibits gastric emptying