Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and vascular disease: State-of-the-art

Table 3 Studies on the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid intima-media thickness in adults: evaluation of the independent predictors for intima-media thickness increase

Ref.	cases n	Cohort	NAFLD diagnosis by	Independent predictors for IMT
Brea et al[40] 2005	80	NALFD and matched population controls	US	NAFLD, age, serum ferritin
Volzke et al[41] 2005	1261 + 2961	German population	US	Hepatic steatosis
Lonardo et al[129] 2006	449	Population/NAFLD	US	Age
Targher et al[52] 2006	145	NAFLD and matched healthy controls	Biopsy	Severity of histological feature of NAFLD
Targher et al[55] 2006	200	Type2 diabetes +/- NAFLD	US	HOMA-IR
Aygun et al[49] 2008	80	NAFLD and matched healthy controls	US	NAFLD and BMI
Sookoian et al[7] 2008 (Meta-regression analysis)	3497	Subjects	US	ALT, GGT, NAFLD
Fracanzani et al[15] 2008	375	NAFLD and matched population controls	US and biopsy	Steatosis, age and blood pressure
Kim et al[42] 2009	1021	Cross sectional	US	NAFLD with MS
Petit et al[58] 2009	101	Type 2 diabetes	MRS	Age, no association with steatosis
Ramilli et al[43] 2009	154	Referred subjects for abdominal US	US	NAFLD
Wang et al[130] 2009	170	Healthy subjects	US	ALT levels
Salvi et al[50] 2010	220	NAFLD, healthy controls		NAFLD and MS
Mohammadi et al[44] 2011	335	Male NAFLD controls	US	NAFLD with or without MS
Neri et al[110] 2011	90	Chronic hemodialysis plus steatosis and healthy controls	US, biopsy	Histological steatosis
Valenti et al[131] 2011	506	NAFLD	US	Systolic blood pressure, glucose, LDL, abdominal circumference, age, ferritin
Huang et al[46] 2012	2590 + 6042	Chinese population +/- NAFLD	US	NAFLD
Kang et al[47] 2012	633	Non-diabetic +/- NAFLD	US	NAFLD with or without MS
Thakur et al[51] 2012	80	Non-diabetic NAFLD, healthy controls	US	NAFLD
Kim et al[132] 2013	769	Healthy subjects	US	Upper normal range of ALT in women with NAFLD
Oni et al[13] 2013 Systematic review	16 studies	Population, cross- sectional, case-control	US, biopsy	Positive association between IMT and NAFLD
Petta et al[126] 2013	162 + 267	NAFLD and validation cohort	Biopsy	PNPLA3 polymorphism in younger patients
Kim et al[133] 2014	4437	Type 2 diabetes	US	NAFDL with insulin resistance

US: Ultrasonography; MS: Metabolic syndrome; IMT: Intima-media thickness; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy.