Update on hepatitis B virus infection

Table 2 Recommended treatment for drug resistance

Resistance to	AASLD 2009	EASL 2012	APASL 2012
LAM	Add ADV or TDF Switch to Truvada1	Switch to TDF (add ADV if TDF is not available)	Add ADV Switch to TDF Switch to IFN-based therapy
LDT	Add ADV or TDF Switch to Truvada1	Switch to or add TDF (add ADV if TDF is not available)	Add ADV Switch to TDF
ADV	Add LAM Switch to Truvada1 Switch to or add ETV	Switch to ETV or TDF Switch to TDF and add a nucleoside analogue if the patient has been treated with LAM	Add LAM, LDT or ETV Switch to TDF Switch to ETV plus TDF, if the patient has been treated with LAM or LDT
ETV	Switch to TDF or Truvada1	Switch to or add TDF (add ADV if TDF is not available)	Add TDF or ADV
TDF	Unmentioned	Add ETV, LDT, LAM or emtricitabine Switch to ETV if the patient has not been treated with LAM in the past	Unmentioned
MDR	Unmentioned	Combination of a nucleoside and a nucleotide	Unmentioned

¹Truvada is a combination pill containing emtricitabine 200 mg and tenofovir 300 mg. LAM: Lamivudine; LDT: Telbivudine; ADV: Adefovir; ETV: Entecavir; TDF:Tenofovir; MDR: Multidrug resistance; IFN: Interferon.