Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the etiology of Crohn’s disease, cause or epiphenomenon?

Table 1 The infective theory of inflammatory bowel disease etiology

Infectious agent	Ref.	Current position
Bacterial
Listeria monocytogenes	[6]	Dismissed
Pseudomonas maltophila	[7]	Dismissed
Mycobacterium kansasii	[8]	Dismissed
Bacterioides fragilis	[9]	Dismissed
Chlamydia pneumoniae	[10]	Dismissed
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli	[19-22]	Active
Proteobacteria	[23]	Active
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis	[24-26]	Active
Viral
Measles virus	[11,12,14-18]	Dismissed
Cytomegalovirus	[13]	Dismissed