Potential role of metabolomics in diagnosis and surveillance of gastric cancer

Table 1 Marker metabolites between gastric cancer and healthy controls

Ref.	Animal vs humananalytical platform	Sample typegroups	Statistically significant metabolites identified (P < 0.05)(up or down indicate levels in cancer group)
Hu et al[24], 2011	Animal (mice)Gas chromatography,Mass Spectrometry	UrineMetastasis group (n = 8)Non-metastasis group (n = 8)Normal group (n = 8)	Carbohydrates: Anaerobic respiration: lactate up TCA cycle: citric acid up, malic acid upNucleic acids: uric acid upLipids: hexadecanoic acid upOthers: butanoic acid, propanoic acid, glycerol, pyrimidine, glycerol all up
Hirayama et al[26], 2009	HumanCapillary electrophoresisMass spectrometry	Resected stomach specimens (n = 12)GC tissue Adjacent normal tissue	Carbohydrates: Anaerobic respiration: lactate up Glycolysis: glucose down TCA cycle: citric acid down, malic acid/fumarate upAmino acids: 19 elevated, except glutamine (no change)Nucleic acids: GMP up
Song et al[27], 2011	HumanGas chromatography,Mass spectrometry	Resected stomach specimens (n = 30)GC tissue Adjacent normal tissue	Carbohydrates: TCA cycle: fumarate up, alpha-ketoglutarate up Lipids: up: xylonic acid, octadecanoic acid Down: 9-hexadecanoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, arachidonic acid, 9-octadecenamide, squaleneOthers: up: valeric acid, benzenepropanoic acid, 1-phenanthrene-carboxylic acid down: 3-hydroxybutanoic acid
Cai et al[28], 2010	HumanGas chromatography,Mass spectrometry	Resected stomach specimens (n = 65)GC tissue Adjacent normal tissue	Carbohydrates: Anaerobic respiration: lactate up Glycolysis: up: fructose, glyceraldehyde, pyruvate TCA cycle: up isocitric acid, fumarate down
Aa et al[29], 2012	HumanGas chromatography, mass spectrometry	Plasma and tissuePre-op GC (n = 17)Post-op GC (n = 15)CSG (n = 20)	Tissue samples show larger variations between GC and CSG than plasma samples (up/down show change for tissue CG compared to tissue CSG) Carbohydrates: Anaerobic respiration: lactate up Glycolysis: glucose down, fructose-6-phosphate down TCA cycle: citrate up, malate up, fumarate up Other: maltose down, ribose down, glyceric acid-2,3-diphosphate downAmino acids: cysteine upLipids: up: docosahexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 9-Z-hexadecenoic acid, beta-hydroxybutyratedown: cholesterolNucleic acids: uracil up, uridine downOthers: up: 2-aminoadipate, monomethylphosphate down: inositol, ribitol, beta-D-methylglucopyranoside
Wu et al[31], 2010	HumanGas chromatography,Mass spectrometry	Resected stomach specimens (n = 18)GC tissue Adjacent normal tissue	Carbohydrates: up: galactofuranosidedown: L-altrose, L-mannofuranose, D-ribofuranoseAmino acids: up: L-valine, L-isoleucine, serine, L-glutamineDown: phosphoserineOthers: up: heptanedioic acid, propanoic acid, phenanthrenol, butanetriol, acetamide, butenoic acid, oxazolethione, naphthalene down: myo-inositol
Song et al[32], 2012	HumanGas chromatography,Mass spectrometry	SerumGC (n = 30)Healthy (n = 30)	Carbohydrates: down: fumarate, 2-O-mesyl arabinoseAmino acids: up: valine, sarcosine Down: glutamine, hexanedioic acidLipids: down: 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, nonhexacontanoic acidCholesterol: up cholesta-3,5-diene, cholesterol, pentafluoropropionate, cholesterol, cholest-5- en-3-ol
Ikeda et al[36], 2012	HumanGas chromatography,Mass spectrometry	SerumGC (n = 11)Healthy (n = 12)	Carbohydrates: Glycolysis: down: pyruvateOthers: up: 3-hydroxypropionic acid Down: 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, octanoic acid, phosphoric acid
Kim et al[38], 2010	Animal (mice)1H-NMR	UrineGC (n = 10)Healthy (n = 10)	Carbohydrates: TCA cycle: Citrate up, 2-oxoglutarate upOthers: up: 3-indoxylsulfate Down: taurine, trimethylamine, oxaloacetate, TMAO, hippurate
Miyagi et al[41], 2011	HumanLiquid chromato-graphy, mass spectrometryelectrospray ionization	SerumGC (n = 199)Healthy (n = 985)	Amino acids only:up: serine, glutamine, ornithine, prolinedown: asparagine, valine, methionine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine

CSG: Chronic superficial gastritis; GC: Gastric cancer; GMP; Guanosine monophosphate;

¹H-NMR: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; TMAO: Trimethylamine-N-oxide.