Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in autoimmune systemic rheumatic diseases

Table 1 Possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the autoimmune systemic rheumatic diseases n (%)

Disease	Ref.	Study sample	Conclusion
SS	Aragona et al[27], 1999	34 patients with primary SS	27 (79.4) and 30 (88.2) had antibodies against H. pylori and its HSP60
	Showji et al[35], 1996	7 patients with primary SS	High titers of anti-H. pylori antibodies in sera of patients with SS compared with patients with other CTDs
	Theander et al[37], 2001	164 patients with primary SS	Similar H. pylori seroprevalence rates as in control group
	El Miedany et al[36], 2005	36 patients with primary SS compared to 31 patients with secondary SS	The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 80.6% (primary SS) and 71% (secondary SS)
	Iwai et al[49], 2009	case report	The regression of parotid MALT lymphoma after the eradication of H. pylori in SS patients
RA	Yamanishi et al[39], 2006	6- to 8-wk-old female BALB/c mice	B cells chronically stimulated with urease produced by H. pylori had the potential to generate IgM rheumatoid factor
	Meron et al[43], 2010	187 serum samples from RA patients	RA patients have a lower prevalence of H. pylori infection compared with patients with other CTDs
	Zentilin et al[45], 2002	58 consecutive patients with dyspeptic symptoms and variable RA activity	Clinical improvement in RA symptoms after eradication of H. pylori
	Matsukawa et al[47], 2005	case report	No clinical improvement in RA symptoms after eradication of H. pylori
SLE	Yamanishi et al[39], 2006	6- to 8-wk-old female BALB/c mice	Urease is capable to induce SLE-related autoantibodies in mice, namely anti-ssDNA
	Showji et al[35], 1996	15 SLE patients	SLE patients have lower anti-H. pylori serum antibody titers compared with patients with other CTDs
	Sawalha et al[40], 2004	466 SLE patients and matched controls	SLE patients were less likely to be seropositive compared to controls
SSc	Aragona et al[27], 1999	16 SSc patients	Higher incidence rates of serological evidence of H. pylori infection in SSc patients
	Hervé et al[30], 2006	40 consecutive SSc patients	No difference in H. pylori infection rates between SSc patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon compared with healthy controls
	Danese et al[31], 2000	124 SSc patients (67 with limited cutaneous SSc, 57 with diffuse cutaneous SSc)	90% of patients with SSc were infected with the virulent CagA strain compared with only 37% of the infected control subjects
	Radić et al[33], 2010	42 SSc patients	H. pylori infection is implicated in activity of SSc, especially in skin involvement of this disease

SS: Sjögren’s syndrome; CTD: Connective tissue diseases; NHL: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc: Systemic sclerosis; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; MALT: Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.