Potential for human immunodeficiency virus parenteral transmission in the Middle East and North Africa: An analysis using hepatitis C virus as a proxy biomarker

Table 2 Hepatitis C virus prevalence among different populations at higher risk of hepatitis C virus infection in the Middle East and North Africa

Country	Population	Seroprevalence (%)	Ref.
Afghanistan	People who inject drugs	36.6	[255]
Algeria	Multi-transfused patients	30	[86]
Bahrain	Hemodialysis patients	7.4-9.24	[128,256]
	Multi-transfused patients	40	[257]
Egypt	Children with hepatosplenomegaly	16.4	[130]
	Chronic liver disease patients	46.2-73.5	[130,258]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma patients	78.5-84	[147,259]
	Healthcare workers	1.4-7.7	[137,260]
	Hemodialysis patients	46.2-100	[130,137,261-263]
	People who inject drugs	63	[145,264]
	Jaundice patients	27.3	[265]
	Kidney transplant patients	23.3	[266]
	Multi-transfused patients	11.1-81.6	[84,103,130,137,267-271]
	Prisoners	31.4	[103]
	Sexually transmitted infections patients	5.3	[272]
Iran	Female sex workers	2.7	[273]
	Hepatitis B virus patients	12.3	[274]
	Hemodialysis patients	2.9-55.9	[160,275-279]
	HIV positive patients	11.5	[280]
	Multi-transfused patients	5.1-71.3	[44,113,160,161,168,277,281-293]
	Injecting and non-injecting drug users	7.4-80	[104,105,164,278,294-299]
	Prisoners	30-78	[104,105,297,300,301]
Iraq	HIV positive patients	66	[302]
	Multi-transfused patients	67.3	[303]
Jordan	Multi-transfused patients	40.5	[304]
Kuwait	Hemodialysis patients	27-40	[305-307]
	Multi-transfused patients	33	[308]
Lebanon	Healthcare workers	2.6	[309]
	HIV positive patients	25	[310]
Libya	Diabetics	24.4	[311]
	Healthcare workers	2-6.8	[180,182,312]
	Hemodialysis patients	20.5-42.5	[180,313]
	Multi-transfused patients	10.8	[180]
Morocco	Barbers	1.1-5	[99,314]
	Hemodialysis patients	10.1-76	[88,185,315,316]
	Multi-transfused patients	2.3-42.4	[185,316-318]
Oman	Hemodialysis patients	26.5	[190]
	People who inject drugs	11-53	[319]
	Kidney transplant patients	13.4	[190]
	Medical students	0	[190]
Pakistan	HCC patients	33	[320]
	Healthcare workers	5.5-31	[76,321,322]
	Hemodialysis patients	68	[65,323]
	Hospital attendees	3.1	[324]
	Injecting and non-injecting drug users	22-91	[325-328]
	Multi-transfused patients	13.2-60.0	[329-331]
	Patients receiving frequent injections	44	[332]
	Type 2 diabetes patients	36	[333]
Qatar	Hemodialysis patients	44.6	[334]
Saudi Arabia	Cancer patients	11	[70]
	Chronic liver disease patients	63.6	[335]
	Healthcare workers	2.2	[336]
	Hemodialysis patients	6.9-84.6	[72,210,219,256,337-343]
	Injecting and non-injecting drug users	10.5-74.6	[72,220]
	Multi-transfused patients	4.6-78.6	[222,344-347]
	Non-Hodgkins lymphoma patients	21	[348]
	Schistosomiasis patients	17.9	[336]
Somalia	Chronic liver disease patients	40.3	[225]
	Female sex workers, sexually transmitted infection patients, soldiers, tuberculosis patients	1.8	[349]
	Hospitalized patients	2.2	[73]
Sudan	Hemodialysis patients	19-34	[350,351]
	Hospital attendees	0.4	[352]
	High schistosomiasis region	2.2	[353]
Syria	Female sex workers	1.96	[228]
	Healthcare workers	0-6	[354]
	Hemodialysis patients	54.4	[355]
	People who inject drugs	60.5	[228]
Tunisia	Diabetics	1.3	[356]
	Healthcare workers	1	[357]
	Hemodialysis patients	20-46.5	[358-361]
	HIV positive patients	39.7	[362]
	Multi-transfused patients	42-50.5	[363-365]
Turkey	Barbers	2.8	[100]
	Cancer patients	2.8-5.8	[366-368]
	Diabetic patients	3.2-20.8	[240,369]
	Female sex workers	0.8	[370]
	Healthcare workers	0.3-1.5	[234,371]
	Hemodialysis patients	0-51.2	[369,371-374]
	Chronic kidney disease patients	7	[375]
	Multi-transfused patients	4-24.4	[371,376]
United Arab Emirates	Hemodialysis patients	24.4	[377]
	Multi-transfused patients	18.8	[378]
Yemen	Chronic liver disease patients	21.5-37.1	[253,254]
	Healthcare workers	0.5-3.5	[252,379]

Results shown are not of an exhaustive and systematic literature review. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.