Early detection and prevention of pancreatic cancer: Is it really possible today?

Table 2 Most important genetic syndromes associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer

Syndrome	Gene	Relative risk	Risk at age of 70
Familial pancreatic cancer	Unknown
1 or more first degree relative(s)		9	4%
1 first degree relative		4.5	2%
2 first degree relatives		6.4	3%
3 or more first degree relatives		32	16%
Peutz Jeghers syndrome	LKB1/STK11	132	30%-60%
Hereditary pancreatitis	PRSS1	50-70	40%
Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma	CDKN2A/p16	34-39	17%
Breast and ovarian cancer syndrome	BRCA1/BRCA2	2.3-10	1%-5%
Cystic fibrosis	CFTR	5.3	< 5%
Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer	MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS, PMS2	4.7	< 5%
Familial adenomatous polyposis	APC	4.5	2%

LKB1/STK1: Liver kinase B1/serine-threonine kinase 11; PRSS1: Protease serine 1; CDKN2A/p16: Cyclin-dependent kinase Inhibitor 2A; BRCA1/BRCA2: Breast cancer type 1 and 2 proteins; CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; MSH2: DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2; MLH1: MutL homolog 1, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 2; MSH6: MutS homolog 6; PMS, PMS2: Mismatch repair endonuclease.