Bovine immunoglobulin protein isolates for the nutritional management of enteropathy

Table 4 Effects of serum-derived immunoglobulin/protein isolates administration on immune and inflammatory markers

Species	Model/indication	Impact of dietary supplementation with SBI	Ref.
Pig	ETEC K88	Reduced expression of TNF-α and IL-8 in the gut	Bosi et al[44]
	Postweaning	Reduced TNF-α in the colon	Peace et al[46]
		Reduced IFNγ levels in the ileum and colon day 7, but not day 14 post weaning
Rat	SEB	Prevented the SEB-induced increase in IFN-γ, IL-6, and LTB4 in Peyer's patches and in the mucosa	Pérez-Bosque et al[69]
		Increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and mature TGF-β) in intestinal mucosa	Pérez-Bosque et al[68]
		Reduced SEB-induced increase in cytotoxic lymphocyte populations of γδ-T cells, natural killer cells, and the number of activated T lymphocytes in lamina propria.
Mouse	Mdr1-/- knockout mouse model of spontaneous colitis	Reduced the percentage of activated Th lymphocytes	Moretó et al[48]
		Reduced INF-γ and TNF-α expression in the colon
		Significantly reduced the expression of cytokines IL-2 and IL-17, chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1b, and iNOS in the mucosa
Mouse	2% DSS-induced IBD model	Reduced elevation of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and KC	Jiang et al[67]
Human (HIV+ adults)	HIV enteropathy	I-FABP fell below baseline in 4/5 patients who continued receiving SBI (P < 0.12) out to 48 wk	Asmuth et al[31]
		MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in subjects were significantly lower than controls at baseline (P < 0.007)
		MCP-1 levels decreased in 5/5 patients who continued receiving SBI (P < 0.06) out to 48 wk

ETEC K88: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, K88 strain; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL: Interleukin; SEB: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B; IFNγ: Interferon-γ; LTB4: Leukotriene B4; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β; MCP 1: Monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP-1b: Macrophage inflammatory protein; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; KC: Keratinocyte-derived cytokine; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; I-FABP: Intestinal-fatty acid binding protein; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinas-9; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.