Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Risk factors, screening, and early detection

Table 1 Selected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma genetic risk factors

Risk factor	Gene	Increased PDAC risk	Other associated cancers
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome	BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2	2-3.5	Breast, ovarian, prostate
Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer)	MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM	8.6	Colon, endometrium, ovary, stomach, small intestine, urinary tract, brain, cutaneous sebaceous glands
Familial adenomatous polyposis	APC	4.5-6	Colon, desmoid, duodenum, thyroid, brain, ampullary, hepatoblastoma
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome	STK11/LKB1	132	Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, lung, breast, uterus, ovary
Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma pancreatic carcinoma syndrome	P16INK4A/CDKN2A	47	Melanoma
Hereditary pancreatitis	PRSS1, SPINK1	69
Cystic fibrosis	CFTR	3.5
Ataxia-telangiectasia	ATM	Increased	Leukemia, lymphoma
Non-O blood group		1.3
Familial pancreatic cancer	Unknown	9 (1 FDR) 32 (3 FDRs)

PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas; FDR: First-degree relative.