Complex role for the immune system in initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer

Table 2 Cytokines released during pancreatic injury

Cytokine	Expressed by	Acts on
GM-CSF	Acini[194]	Neutrophils[231], MDSCs[194]
IL-1β	Acini[104,238], activated macrophages[237], neutrophils[236]	Macrohpage (inhibition)[227]
IL-6	Acini[239], monocytes[30], macrophages[30], endothelial cells[30] fibroblasts[30], smooth muscle cells[30], IL-1b[30], TNFα[30]	CRP[228,229], T-lymphocyte[30], DCs (inhibition)[174]
IL-8	Acini[105], IL-1[241], TNFα[241], macrophages[241], neutrophils[235]	Neutrophils[223]
IL-10	Acini[240], Treg[233]	T-lymphocytes (inhibition)[233], DCs (inhibition)[174], macrophages (inhibition)[232,234]
IL-12	Activated macrophages[231], dendritic cells[30]	NKCs[231]
IL-33	Acini[105]	Mast cells[103]
KC	Acini[105], monocytes and neutrophils[250	Neutrophils[225]
MCP-1	Acini[105]	Macrophages[230]
MIP-2	Acini[105], activated macrophages and neutrophils[93	Neutrophils[224]
TNFα	Acini[105], activated macrophages[99], neutrophils[236], mast cells[226]	Neutrophils[226], NKC[231]

IL: Interleukin; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MIP-2: Macrophage inflammatory protein 2; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor-α; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NKC: Natural killer cell; DC: Dendritic cells.