Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review

Table 3 A list of animal biles according to organism groupings used therapeutically in China

Class	Animal bile
Mammals	Antelope, bat, bear, deer, dog, elephant, fox, gaur, goat and sheep, hedgehog, horse, human, mouse, otter, ox, pig, tiger, wild boar, yak
Birds	Chicken, crow, duck, goose, kite, parrot, raven, vulture
Reptiles	Black snake, pallas pit viper, python, skink, soft-shelled turtle, tortoise, turtle
Amphibians	Chinese forest frog, toad
Fish	Black carp, common carp, crucian carp, grass carp, mandarin fish, murrel, shark
Arthropods	Horseshoe crab