Molecular pathology of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas

Table 2 Most commonly tumor suppressor genes genetically altered in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms

Ref.	Gene symbol	Gene name	Mechanism of genetic alteration	Chromosome site	Known or predicted function	Alteration in IPMN
Wada et al[26], 2002	CDKN2A/p16	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Homozygous deletion (41%), intragenic mutation (38%)	9p21	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor	38.1%
Wada et al[26], 2002	TP53	Tumor protein p53	Intragenic mutation in 1 allele and loss in the other allele	17p13.1	Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, DNA repair, metabolism change	27.3%
Biankin et al[55], 2002	SMAD4/DPC4	Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog of 4, drosophila	Homozygous deletion (50%), intragenic mutation in 1 allele and loss in the other allele (50%)	18q21.1	Signal transmission	16.7%
Sato et al[77], 2001	STK11/LKB1	Serine/threonine kinase 11	Homozygous deletion, intragenic mutation in 1 allele and loss in the other allele	19p13.3	Apoptosis regulation	32% (100% in patients with PJS and 25% in patients without PJS)
Dal Molin et al[81], 2012	BRG1	Brahma-related gene-1	Homozygous deletion, intragenic mutation in 1 allele and loss in the other allele	19p13.2	Regulation of cellular proliferation, regulation of several genes involved in key steps in tumorigenesis	53.3%

IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; PJS: Peutz-jeghers syndrome.