Molecular pathology of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas

Table 1 Most commonly oncogenes genetically altered in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms

Ref.	Gene symbol	Gene name	Mechanism of genetic alteration	Chromosome site	Known or predicted function	Alteration in IPMN
Z’graggen et al[24], 1997	KRAS2	v-Ki-ras-2 Kirsten	Point mutation	12p12.1	Signal transduction, proliferation, cell survival, motility	81.2%
		rat sarcoma
		viral oncogene
		homolog
Dal Molin et al[36], 2013	GNAS	GNAS complex locus	Point mutation	20q13.3	G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding	61%
Schönleben et al[41], 2006	PI3KCA	Phosphoinositide-3-kinase	Point mutation	3q26.3	Proliferation, differentation, chemotaxis, survival, trafficking, glucose homeostasis	11%
Schönleben et al[22], 2007	BRAF	v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1	Point mutation	7q34	Signal transduction, cell growth	2.7%
Hashimoto et al[48], 2008	TERT	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Deletion,	5p15.3	Genome stability	70.6%
			nonsynonymous mutation, polymorphisms
Jang et al[50], 2007	SHH	Sonic hedgehog	Point mutation, missense mutation	7q36	Cell growth, cell specialization, proliferation of adult stem cells	61.8%

IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.