Outcomes of simple saline-coupled bipolar electrocautery for hepatic resection

Table 1 Characteristics of patients undergoing liver resection n (%)

Baseline characteristic		BIP (n = 75)	CUSA + BIP (n = 53)	CLAMP (n = 252)	P value
Age1 (yr)		54.1 (17-81)	50.7 (16-85)	53.7 (19-81)	0.256
Sex	Male	47 (62.67)	33 (62.26)	155 (61.51)	0.981
Cause of surgery	HCC	38 (50.67)	20 (37.74)	121 (48.02)	0.868
	Other malignancy	14 (18.67)	9 (16.98)	43 (17.06)
	Benign tumour	8 (10.66)	10 (18.87)	29 (11.51)
	Intrahepatic stone	12 (16.00)	11 (20.75)	47 (18.65)
	Others	3 (4.00)	3 (5.66)	12 (4.76)
Child-Pugh	A	56 (74.67)	41 (77.36)	210 (83.33)	0.196
	B	19 (25.33)	12 (22.64)	42 (16.67)
ICG-R15	< 15	67 (89.33)	46 (86.79)	219 (86.90)	0.849
	≥ 15	8 (10.67)	7 (13.21)	33 (13.10)
Background liver	Normal	31 (41.33)	31 (58.49)	130 (51.58)	0.359
	Chronic hepatitis	24 (32.00)	12 (22.64)	61 (24.21)
	Cirrhosis	20 (26.67)	10 (18.87)	61 (24.21)
Level of surgeon	Chief doctor	31 (20.67)	29 (27.36)	127 (25.20)	0.069
	Deputy director doctor	56 (37.33)	40 (37.74)	226 (44.84)
	Attending doctor	63 (42.00)	37 (34.90)	151 (29.96)
Type of resection	Extended	13 (17.33)	8 (15.09)	35 (13.89)	0.347
	Hemihepatectomy
	Hemihepatectomy	33 (44.00)	20 (37.74)	108 (42.85)
	Lobectomy	29 (38.67)	21 (39.62)	92 (36.51)
	Segmentectomy	0	4 (7.55)	13 (5.16)
	Wedge resection	0	0	4 (1.59)
Tumor	Yes	60 (80.00)	39 (73.58)	193 (76.59)	0.689
Tumor condition	Size, < 30 mm	14 (23.33)	7 (17.95)	56 (29.02)	0.300
	≥ 30 mm	46 (76.67)	32 (82.05)	137 (70.98)
	Single	36 (60.00)	31 (79.49)	115 (59.59)	0.059
	Multiple	24 (40.00)	8 (20.51)	78 (40.41)
	Superficial	36 (60.00)	28 (71.79)	141 (73.06)	0.151
	Deep	24 (40.00)	11 (28.21)	52 (26.94)

¹P analysis of variance (F). HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; BIP: Bipolar coagulation; CUSA: Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator; CLAMP: Conventional clamp crushing; ICG-R15: Indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min.