Emerging roles of lactic acid bacteria in protection against colorectal cancer

Figure 2 Immune responses induced by lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can provoke immune responses via two main pathways: inflammation and anticancer immune response. The inflammation pathways involve lipoteichoic acid (LTA) which can stimulate T cells to release interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 and increase effectors Foxp3⁺RORγt^- Tregs. In the anticancer immune response pathway, LAB stimulate the immune cells, such as T cells, dendritic cell (DC), natural killer (NK) and MHC class II cells to induce IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-1β to inhibit tumor growth.