Oral manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection

Table 2 Hepatitis C virus detection in lichen planus lesional tissue n (%)

Country	Ref.	n	Patients HCV positive	Patients with oral lesions	Detection of HCV in specimens of lichen planus	Tissue sample	Technique	Ratio of +/- strands	Oral mucosa/skin HCV RNA
									Genomic strand	Negative strand
Italy	Sansonno et al[22]	7	0	NA	0 (0)	Fresh	IHC	-	-	-
	Mangia et al[23]	19	19	0	0 (0)	Fresh	rTth RT-PCR	-	-	-
	Carrozzo et al[24]	12	12	12	10 (83)	Fresh	rTth RT-PCR, SA, PhA	1-64 Various	10 (83)	4 (33)
	Pilli et al[25]	4	4	4	3 (75)	Fresh	rTth RT-PCR	-	3 (75)	0 (0)
	Femiano et al[26]	25	25	25	0 (0)	Unclear	RT-PCR	-	0 (0)	NA
Japan	Nagao et al[27]	14	14	14	13 (93)	Fresh	PCR, SA	-	13 (93)	3 (21)
	Kurokawa et al[28]	3	3	2	3 (100)	Fresh	rTth RT-PCR	-	3 (100)	3 (100)
Spain	Arrietaet al[29]	23	23	23	23 (100)	paraffin-embedded	ISH	-	23 (100)	23 (100)
	Lazaro et al[30]	5	5	0	5 (100)	paraffin-embedded	ISH, IHC	-	5 (100)	5 (100)
Turkey	Erkek et al[31]	5	5	4	5 (100)	paraffin-embedded	RT-PCR	-	5 (100)	NA
United Kingdom	Roy et al[32]	27	0	27	0 (0)	NA	RT-PCR	-	0 (0)	NA
	Boyd et al[33]	27	2	NA	0 (0)	paraffin-embedded	IHC	-	-	-
United States	Harden et al[34]	4	4	1	0/0	paraffin-embedded	RT-PCR	-	0 (0)	NA
Total	OLP (%)		85		56 (66)				56	32 (58)
	LP (%)		21		7 (33)				7	6 (85)

Modified from Baccaglini et al[16]. NA: Not available; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; ISH: In situ hybridization; PCR: Polymerase chain reactions; rTth: Recombinant Thermus thermophilus; SA: Sequence analysis; PhA: Phylogenetic analysis; LP: Lichen planus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; RT-PCR: Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.