Carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori in gastric pre-cancer and cancer lesions: Association with tobacco-chewing

Table 5 Analysis of Helicobacter pylori gene expression in adenocarcinoma gastric tissues with clinico-epidemiological parameters n (%)

Clinico-epidemiological Characteristics	Total cases, n	ureC positive	P	cagA positive	P	Hp +ve	P
Adenocarcinoma	65	33 (50.8)	< 0.0011	17 (26.2)	< 0.0011	34 (52.3)	< 0.0011
			0.7082		0.3122		0.3452
Age (median 55 yr; range: 22-90 yr)
< 55	31	14 (45.2)	0.388	10 (32.3)	0.285	15 (48.4)	0.546
≥ 55	34	19 (55.9)		7 (20.6)		19 (55.9)
Gender
Male	42	22 (52.4)	0.725	10 (23.8)	0.561	23 (54.8)	0.592
Female	23	11 (47.8)		7 (30.4)		11 (47.8)
Types
Diffuse	44	24 (54.5)	0.378	13 (29.5)	0.368	25 (56.8)	0.292
Intestinal	21	9 (42.9)		4 (19)		9 (42.9)
Habits3
Tobacco chewers	24	19 (79.2)	< 0.001	12 (50)	0.001	19 (79.2)	0.001
Tobacco non-chewers	41	14 (34.1)		5 (12.2)		15 (36.6)
Tobacco smokers	20	10 (50)	0.934	8 (40)	0.090	11 (55)	0.772
Tobacco non-smokers	45	23 (51.1)		9 (20)		23 (51.1)
Alcoholic	16	9 (56.2)	0.614	4 (25)	0.904	9 (56.3)	0.716
Non-alcoholic	49	24 (49)		13 (26.5)		25 (51)
Multiple habits	16	9 (56.2)	0.614	6 (37.5)	0.234	9 (56.3)	0.716

¹Pre-cancer vs adenocarcinoma;

²Normal vs adenocarcinoma;

³Tobacco chewing habits include betel quid, areca nut, and/or pan masala use; multiple habits include two or more of any tobacco and/or alcohol habits.