Carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori in gastric pre-cancer and cancer lesions: Association with tobacco-chewing

Table 4 Analysis of Helicobacter pylori gene expression in pre-cancer gastric tissues with clinico-epidemiological parameters n (%)

Clinico-epidemiological characteristics	Total cases, n	ureC positive	P	cagA positive	P	Hp +ve	P
Pre-cancer	30	27 (90)	0.0011	22 (73.3)	< 0.0011	28 (93.3)	< 0.0011
Age (median: 41.5 yr; range: 13-78 yr)
< 41.5	15	14 (93.3)	0.543	11 (73.3)	1.00	14 (93.3)	1.00
≥ 41.5	15	13 (86.7)		11 (73.3)		14 (93.3)
Gender
Male	17	15 (88.2)	0.713	14 (82.4)	0.201	16 (94.1)	0.844
Female	13	12 (92.3)		8 (61.5)		12 (92.3)
Types
Dysplasia	12	12 (100)	0.136	9 (75)	0.866	12 (100)	0.503
Intestinal metaplasia	18	15 (83.3)		13 (72.2)		16 (88.9)
Habits2
Tobacco chewers	15	13 (86.7)	0.543	12 (80)	0.409	14 (93.3)	1.000
Tobacco non-chewers	15	14 (93.3)		10 (66.7)		14 (93.3)
Tobacco smokers	11	11 (100)	0.165	10 (90.9)	0.098	11 (100)	0.265
Tobacco non-smokers	19	16 (84.2)		12 (63.2)		17 (89.5)
Alcoholic	8	8 (100)	0.271	7 (87.5)	0.290	8 (100)	0.377
Non-alcoholic	22	19 (86.4)		15 (68.2)		20 (90.9)
Multiple habits	9	9 (100)	0.232	8 (88.9)	0.207	9 (100)	0.338

¹Normal vs pre-cancer;

²Tobacco chewing habits include betel quid, areca nut, and/or pan masala use; multiple habits include two or more of any tobacco and/or alcohol habits.