Carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori in gastric pre-cancer and cancer lesions: Association with tobacco-chewing

Table 3 Analysis of Helicobacter pylori gene expression in normal gastric tissues with clinico-epidemiological parameters n (%)

Clinico-epidemiological characteristics	Total cases, n	ureC positive	P	cagA positive	P	Hp +ve	P
Normal	61	33 (54.1)	-	21 (34.4)	-	37 (60.7)	-
Age (median 40 yr; range: 7-85 yr)
< 40	29	13 (44.8)	0.167	8 (27.6)	0.284	15 (51.7)	0.174
≥ 40	32	20 (62.5)		13 (40.6)		22 (68.8)
Gender
Male	42	18 (42.9)	0.009	14 (33.3)	0.789	22 (52.4)	0.049
Female	19	15 (78.9)		7 (36.8)		15 (78.9)
Habits1
Tobacco chewers	28	19 (67.9)	0.047	14 (50)	0.018	20 (71.4)	0.113
Tobacco non-chewers	33	14 (42.4)		7 (21.2)		17 (51.5)
Tobacco smokers	22	13 (59.1)	0.557	11 (50)	0.055	15 (68.2)	0.366
Tobacco non-smokers	39	20 (51.3)		10 (25.6)		22 (56.4)
Alcoholic	15	9 (60)	0.597	6 (40)	0.601	10 (66.7)	0.583
Non-alcoholic	46	24 (52.2)		15 (32.6)		27 (58.7)
Multiple habits	22	14 (63.6)	0.262	10 (45.5)	0.173	15 (68.2)	0.366

¹Tobacco chewing habits include betel quid, areca nut, and/or pan masala use; multiple habits include two or more of any tobacco and/or alcohol habit.