Role of laparoscopy in rectal cancer: A review

Table 1 Phase III randomized controlled trials showing oncological outcomes

Study and design	Recurrencelap vs open		Survivallap vs open		Tumorlocation(cm from AV)	Patient enrollment (n)		LN harvested(n)lap vs open	CRM positivitylap vs open
	DR	LR	DFS	OS		Open	Lap
Liang et al[17] Single center	N/A	N/A	N/A	76% vs 82.8% P = 0.46, (44 mo)	N/A	174	169	7.1 vs 7.4 P = 0.47	N/A
Kang et al[18] "COREAN" Multicenter	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Lap-5.6 Open-5.3	170	170	17 vs 18 P = 0.08	5% vs 7% P = 0.77
Jayne et al[19] "CLASSIC" update Multicenter	21.9% vs 21.9% P = 0.86, (5 yr)	9.4% vs 7.6% P = 0.74, (5 yr)	53.2% vs 52.1% P = 0.95, (5 yr)	60.3% vs 52.9% P = 0.13, (5 yr)	N/A	128	253	N/A	N/A
Lujan et al[20] Single center	N/A	4.8% vs 5.3% P = 0.78, (5 yr)	84.8% vs 81% P = 0.9, (5 yr)	72.1% vs 75.3% P = 0.98, (5 yr)	Lap-5.5 Open-6.2	103	101	13.6 vs 11.6 P = 0.02	4% vs 3% P = 0.4
Ng et al[21] Single center	12.3% vs 18.1% P = 0.37, (10 yr)	7.1% vs 4.9% P = 0.68, (10 yr)	82.9% vs 80.4% P = 0.69, (10 yr)	83.5% vs 78% P = 0.59, (10 yr)	12-15	77	76	11.5 vs 12 P = 0.7	2.6% vs 1.3% P = 0.62
Ng et al[22] Single center	15% vs 25% P = 0.6, (5 yr)	5% vs 11% = 0.6, (5 yr)	78.1% vs 73.6% P = 0.55, (5 yr)	75.2% vs 76.5% P = 0.2, (5 yr)	≤ 5	48	51	12.4 vs 13 P = 0.72	5.8% vs 4.1% P = NS
Pechlivanides et al[23] Multicenter	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Lap-6 Open-8	39	34	19.2 vs 19.2 P = 0.2	N/A
Braga et al[24] Single center	N/A	4% vs 5.3% P = 0.97 (5 yr)	N/A	No difference (5 yr)	Lap-9.1 Open-8.6	85	83	12.7 vs 13.6 P = NA	1.3% vs 2.4% P = NA

AV: Anal verge; N/A: Not applicable; OS: Overall survival; DFS: Disease free survival; LR: Local recurrence; DR: Distant recurrence; LN: Lymph nodes; CRM: Circumferential margins; NS: Non-significant; NA: Not available.