Role of pomegranate and citrus fruit juices in colon cancer prevention

Table 2 In vivo summary of action against colon cancer by fruit juices and their components

Juice and its components	Animal model used	Observation/result	Ref.
Whole/crude pomegranate juice	Male F-344 rats	Histopathological studies of azoxymethane-induced rat colonSignificant decrease in number of large cryptic fociIncrease in feed intake and weight gainProtective effects against cancer cachexiaThree times higher activity of GSTAnti oxidative actions by scavenging free radicals	[29]
	Mice	Inhibition of JNK1/2 activity, p38, ERK1/2 and COX-2 expression	[30]
Apigenin of citrus juice	Azoxymethane-induced CF-1 mice	Reduced ODC activity and ACF numbersReduced tumor formation	[39]
Mixture of apigenin and epigallocathechin-gallate	Patients with colorectal neoplasia	Suppressed colon neoplasia recurrence rates	[41]
Hesperitin of citrus juice	DMH-treated male Wistar rats	Reduced number of ACF at a dose of 20 mg/kg	[40]
Nobiletin of citrus juice	Azoxymethane-treated male F344 rats	Decreased PGE2 production in ratsChemo-preventive agents at the promotion stage of colon carcinogenesis	[43]
Naringenin of citrus juice	Azoxymethane-injected Sprague Dawley rats	Reduced levels of COX-2 and iNOSDecrease in proliferation of colon cancer cells	[45,46]

GST: Glutathione S transferase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase2; ODC: Ornithine decarboxylase; ACF: Aberrant crypt foci; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; DMH: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.