Role of pomegranate and citrus fruit juices in colon cancer prevention

Table 1 In vitro summary of action against colon cancer by fruit juices and their components

Juice and its components	Cell line tested	Observation/result	Ref.
Whole/crude pomegranate juice	HT-29 human colon cancer cells	Inhibition of NFκB activation, AKT activity and COX-2 expression	[18,19]
		Inhibition of COX-2 expression leading to the prevention of initiation and progression of colon cancer	[24]
Ellagitannins of pomegranate juice	Caco-2 cells	Apoptosis of Caco-2 cells through the mitochondrial pathway	[16]
Punicalagin of pomegranate juice	HT-29 colon cancer cells	Down regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bc1-XL protein was achieved with 30 μmol/L ellagic acid and 100 μmol/L punicalaginInduction of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in colon cancer cells	[25]
Urolithins A and C of pomegranate juice	HT-29 human colon cancer cells	Inhibition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced CYP1-mediated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activityIC50 values range: 56.7-74.8 μmol/LInduction of apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner	[15]
Naringenin of citrus juice	HT-29 colon cancer cells	Inhibition of cell proliferation at doses greater than 0.71 mmol/L demonstrated using colorimetric assay	[36]
Limonoids of citrus juice	Human colon cancer cell lines	Induction of apoptosis and cytotoxic effects in MCF-7 and SKOV-3 cells at high concentrations	[37]
Flavonoids of citrus juice		Cell cycle blockade in G0/G1 phase
Tangeritin	Human colorectal carcinoma-COLO 205 cells	Reduced levels of cyclins (A, D1 and E)Decreased phosphorylation of RbIncreased production of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p53, p21, p27	[38]
Luteolin		Inhibition of growth of colon cancer cells	[39]
Nobiletin		Inhibition of growth of colon cancer cells

NFκB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; AKT: Protein kinase B; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2; CYP: Cytochrome P450; MCF: Human breast cancer cell line; SKOV-3: Human colorectal cancer cell line.