Advances in epigenetic biomarker research in colorectal cancer

Table 2 Biomarkers of DNA methylation in the stool of colorectal cancer patients

Markers	Sample	Sensitivity	Specificity	Ref.
AGTR1/WNT2/ SLIT2/VIM/SEPT9	214 CRC	20%-78%	86%-100%	[33]
	25 IBD
	39 controls
Vimentin/EYA4/ BMP3/NDRG4	CRC	67%-100%	89%	[34]
ESR1	19 CRC	65%	81%	[35]
	38 controls
SLIT2	60 CRC		100%	[36]
	32 IBD associated CRC
	20 HR-IBD	25%
	65 LR-IBD
	28 controls
PHACTR3	64 CRC	66%	100%	[37]
	71 A	32%
	34 controls
TFPI2	60 CRC	68.3%	100%	[38]
	20 A
	30 controls
CNRIP1/FBN/INA/ MAL/SNCA/SPG20	78 CRC	65%-94%	95%-100%	[39]
	61 A	35%-91%
	48 controls
SPG20	9 CRC	67%	Unknown	[40]
MAL/CDKN2A/ MGMT	69 CRC	55.1%-78.3%	96.2%-100%	[41]
	24 A	37.5%-58.3%
	19 HP	10.5%-26.3%
	24 controls
3OST2	21 CRC	72.7%	90%	[42]
ITGA4/SFRP2/p16	30 CRC	70%	96.8%	[43]
	25 A	72%
	21 controls
RARB2/p16/ INK4a/MGMT/APC	26 CRC	62%	100%	[44]
	20 A	40%
	16 IBD	13%
	20 controls
RASSF1/SFRP2	84 CRC	75%	89%	[45]
	27 advanced A	44%
	29 non-advanced A	28%
	12 HP	25%
	4 IC	25%
	2 UC	100%
	113 controls
OSMR	69 CRC	38%	95%	[46]
	81 controls
Vimentin	22 CRC	41%	95%	[47]
	20 advanced A	45%
	38 controls
MGMT/hMLH1/ Vimentin	60 CRC	75%	87%	[48]
	22 advanced A	46%
	30 non-advanced A	70%
	37 controls
ITGA4	13 A	69%	79%	[49]
NDRG4	75 CRC	53%-61%	93%-100%	[50]
	75 controls
GATA4	75 CRC	51%-71%	84%-93%	[51]
	75 controls
TFPI2	26 CRC	76%-89%	79%-93%	[17]
	45 controls
SFRP2	69 CRC	87.0%	93%	[52]
	34 A	61.8%
	26 HP	42.3%
	30 controls
SFRP2	13 A	46%	100%	[53]
	6 HP	33%
	6 controls
Vimentin	103 A	46%	84%	[54]
	75 controls
Vimentin/DIA	42 CRC	86%	73%	[55]
	241 controls
CDKN2A/p16/ MSI/long DNA	25 CRC	64%	95%	[56]
	20 controls
SFRP2	52 CRC	94%	93%	[57]
	10 advanced A	70%
	11:00 AM	36%
	8 HP	38%
	6 UC	17%
	24 controls
SFRP2/HPP1/ MGMT	52 CRC	96%	96%	[58]
	10 advanced A	80%
	11 non-advanced A	64%
	8 HP	38%
	6 UC	17%
	24 controls
Vimentin/DIA	40 CRC	88%	82%	[59]
	122 controls
ATM/APC/ MGMT/hMLH1/ HLTF/SFRP2/GSTP1	20 CRC	75%	90%	[60]
	30 A	68%
	30 controls
	241 controls
Vimentin	74 CRC	72%	89%	[61]
	62 A	84%
	70 controls
Vimentin	94 CRC	46%	90%	[62]
	198 controls
HIC1	26 CRC	42%	98%	[63]
	13 A	31%
	9 HP	0%
	41 controls
CDKN2A/MGMT/ hMLH1	29 A	55%	72%	[64]
	10 HP	40%
	25 controls
ATM/APC/ MGMT/hMLH1/ HLTF	20 CRC	70%	100%	[65]
	20 controls
SFRP2	23 CRC	77%-90%	77%	[66]
	26 controls
	10 HP	40%
	25 controls

A: Adenoma; HP: Hyperplastic polyp; HR: High risk; LR: Low risk; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IC: Ischemic colitis; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CRC: Colorectal cancer; AGTR1: Angiotensin II receptor, type 1; WNT2: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 2; SLIT2: Slit homolog 2; VIM: Vimentin; EYA4: Eyes absent homolog 4; BMP3: Bone morphogenetic protein 3; NDRG4: NDRG family member 4; ESR1: Estrogen receptor 1; PHACTR3: Phosphatase and actin regulator 3; TFPI2: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2; CNRIP1: Cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1; FBN: Fibrillin; INA: Internexin neuronal intermediate filament protein, alpha; MAL: Mal, T-cell differentiation protein; SNCA: Synuclein, alpha; SPG20: Spastic paraplegia 20; MGMT: O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; 3OST2: Heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2; ITGA4: Integrin, alpha 4; RARB2: Retinoic acid receptor, beta 2; RASSF1: Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1; OSMR: Oncostatin M receptor; GATA4: GATA binding protein 4; TFPI2: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2; CDKN2A: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2; ADIA: DNA integrity assay; MSI: Microsatellite instability; GSTP1: Glutathione S-transferase pi 1; HIC1: Hypermethylated in cancer 1; ATM: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated; APC: Adenomatosis polyposis coli; hMLH1: Homo mutL homolog 1; HLTF: Helicase-like transcription factor; SFRP2: Secreted frizzled-related protein 2.