Serum and urine metabolomic fingerprinting in diagnostics of inflammatory bowel diseases

Table 5 Significantly changed urine metabolites

Metabolite	Percentage difference					Relative Standard Deviation (%)
	CD vs UC	CD active vs UC active	IBD active vs control	IBD remission vs control	IBD active vs IBD remission	CD	CD active	UC	UC active	IBD active	IBD remission	Control
Citrate	6.9	-4.0	-32.7c	-47.6ac	28.3	73.2	72.8	91.4	111.7	90.4	45.1	57.8
Hippurate	7.2	29.7	-53.3ac	-35.1c	-28.1	66.6	61.3	123.5	70.7	64.9	122.9	78.4
Glycine	23.3	11.4	12.6	-29.8a	60.3ac	43.6	40.1	47.9	45.9	42.0	36.3	50.3
Alanine	-0.2	-12.2	-9.1	-30.3ac	30.3	36.8	36.0	47.7	49.4	42.8	34.9	51.7
Formate	2.9	1.5	-17.0	-30.6ac	19.5	47.1	42.1	37.4	37.2	39.4	45.3	38.8
Trigonelline	-10.2	139.6	-73.5ac	-51.7	-45.1	148.3	144.8	137.4	64.3	150.8	121.9	133.7
Acetoacetate	-6.2	82.2	7.8	85.1c	-41.7c	125.9	133.8	122.5	58.0	129.3	108.4	92.3
Taurine	7.0	21.7	-28.1ac	-31.8ac	5.5	66.5	66.1	35.1	35.0	57.8	38.3	41.4
Succinate	2.3	-11.4	-63.7ac	-51.8ac	-24.7	128.9	120.5	93.6	95.4	107.4	111.1	74.1
2-hydroxyisobutyrate	17.3	30.2	-68.1c	-66.8	-3.9	41.5	44.9	38.4	31.4	42.9	37.2	256.5
Unk2 with 4-hydroxyphenyl group δ 6.85 ppm	0.8	-5.0	78.5ac	33.1	34.1	63.8	62.2	73.0	81.9	70.4	53.3	45.3

Percentage difference was calculated based on the mean values of relative signal integrals in each group. The calculations were made from left to right, e.g., a positive value in IBD active vs Control means that a particular metabolite exhibits higher concentration in patients with active IBD compared to the Control group,

^aP < 0.05 using the Student's t test,

^cP < 0.05 using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases; Unk2: Unknown metabolite.