DNA and histone methylation in gastric carcinogenesis

Table 1 Methylation machinery in gastric cancer

Gene	Function	Alteration in cancer	Ref.
DNMT1	Maintenance of methylation Repression of transcription	Upregulation Mutation	Kanai et al[93] Fang et al[94] Ding et al[95] Yang et al[96] Mutze et al[97]
DNMT3A	De novo methylation during embryogenesis Imprint establishment Repression	Upregulation Mutation	Ding et al[95] Fan et al[98] Yang et al[96]
DNMT3B	De novo methylation during embryogenesis Repeat methylation Repression	Upregulation Mutation	Ding et al[95] Su et al[99] Hu et al[100] Yang et al[96]
MeCP2	Transcription repression	Upregulation Mutation	Wada et al[101]
MBD1	Transcription repression	Upregulation Mutation	-
MBD2	Transcription repression DNA demethylase	Downregulation Mutation	Kanai et al[102]
MBD3	Transcription repression, but requires MBD2 to recruit it to methylated DNA	Upregulation Mutation	-
MBD4	Transcription repression DNA repair Glycosylase domain, repair of deaminated 5-methyl C	Downregulation Mutation	Pinto et al[38] D'Errico et al[37]
Kaiso	Transcription repression	Upregulation	Ogden et al[103]
G9a	Histone methyltransferase	Gene Repression	Lee et al[104]
RIZ1	Histone methyltransferase	Underexpression	Oshimo et al[105]
PRDM2		Mutation	Pan et al[106]
SUZ12	Histone methyltransferase	Upregulation	Yoo et al[107]
BMI1	Histone methyltransferase	Upreguletion	Liu et al[108] Xiao et al[109] Lu et al[110] Zhang et al[111] Li et al[112]
EVI1	Histone methyltransferase	Chromosomal rearrangement	Takahata et al[113]
EZH2	Histone methyltransferase	Amplification Upregulation Mutation	Mattioli et al[114] Varambally et al[115] Fujii et al[48] Cai et al[47] Choi et al[46] Zhou et al[116]
NSD2/MMMSET	Histone methyltransferase	Upregulation Translocation	Hudlebusch et al[117]
SUV39H1 -2	Histone methyltransferase	Polymorphism	Li et al[84]
LSD1/BHC110	Histone demethylase	Downregulation	Magerl et al[118]
JARID1A-D	Histone demethylase	Upregulation Inactivation	Zeng et al[51]
JMJD2A	Histone demethylase	Mutation Upregulation	Li et al[119]
JHDM3A
JMJD1A-C	Histone demethylase	Downregulation	Katoh et al[120]

DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; EVH1: Domain containing 1; EZH2: Enhancer of zest homolog2; JARID: Jumonji, AT-rich interactive-domain; JHDM: JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase 1; JMJD: Jumonji domain containing 2; LSD1: Lysine specific demethylase; MBD: Methyl-CpG-binding domain; NSD2: Nuclear receptor-binding SET-domain protein 2; PRMT: Protein arginine methyltransferase 1; RIZ1: Retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger 1; SUV39H: Suppressor of variation 3-9 homolog.