Controversial role of toll-like receptors in acute pancreatitis

Table 1 Human Toll-like receptors: Localization, known pathogen-associated molecular patterns and their producing microorganisms

	Localization	PAMP	Origin of PAMP
TLR1	Plasma membrane	Soluble factors	N. meningitidis
		Triacyl lipopeptides	Bacteria, mycobacteria
TLR2	Plasma membrane	Glycoinositolphospholipids	Trypanosoma cruzi
		Glycolipids	Treponema maltophilum
		Haemagglutinin	Virus
		Lipoarabinomannan	Mycobacteria
		Lipoprotein/lipopeptides	Various pathogens
		Lipoteichoic acid	Gram-positive bacteria
		Peptidoglycan	Gram-positive bacteria
		Phenol-soluble modulin	S. epidermidis
		Porins	Neisseria
		Zymosan	Fungi
TLR3	Endosome	Double-stranded RNA	Virus
TLR4	Plasma membrane	Envelope protein	Mouse-mammary tumour virus
		Fusion protein	Respiratory syncytial virus
		Heat-shock protein 60	Chlamydia pneumoniae
		Lipopolysaccharide	Gram-negative bacteria
		Taxol	Plants
TLR5	Plasma membrane	Flagellin	Bacteria
TLR6	Plasma membrane	Diacyl lipopeptides	Mycoplasma
		Lipoteichoic acid	Gram-positive bacteria
		Zymosan	Fungi
TLR7	Endosome	Single-stranded RNA	Virus
TLR8	Endosome	Single-stranded RNA	Virus
TLR9	Endosome	DNA (CpG)	Bacteria, virus
		Haemozoin	Plasmodium spp.
			Rhodnius spp.
			Schistosoma spp.
TLR10	Endosome	Not determined	Not determined

Modified after Akira et al[7]. TLR: Toll-like receptor; PAMP: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns.