Cardiovascular disease risk factor profiles in children with celiac disease on gluten-free diets

Table 3 Lipidic, glycemic and insulinemic profile at enrollment in the two populations n (%)

Variable	Israel	Italy	P-value
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	158.3 ± 27.6	162.5 ± 24.9	0.570
Cholesterol LDL (mg/dL)	95.4 ± 21	89.9 ± 22.3	0.116
Cholesterol HDL (mg/dL)	49.9 ± 10.6	59.4 ± 12.4	< 0.0011
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	71.1 ± 25.2	62.7 ± 20.9	0.055
LDL cholesterol classes2
Normal	44/70 (62.9)	28/44 (63.6)
Borderline	22/70 (31.4)	12/44 (27.3)
Hypercholesterolemia	4/70 (5.7)	4/44 (9.1)	0.742
Glucose (mg/dL)	83.4 ± 6.9	80.3 ± 8.8	0.04613
Insulin μU/mL	3.3 ± 2.7	7.5 ± 4.3	< 0.00113
HOMA index	0.69 ± 0.6	1.55 ± 1.0	0.00113
Insulin resistance
HOMA-IR < 3.16	69/70 (98.6)	41/44 (93.2)
HOMA-IR > 3.16	1/70 (1.4)	3/44 (6.8)	0.108

¹Statistically significant;

²AAP classification[15];

³P-values are adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) Z-score, Tanner stage and duration of diet. Values are mean ± SD or number of subjects (percentage). HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.