Clinical utility of anti-p53 auto-antibody: Systematic review and focus on colorectal cancer

Table 5 Anti-p53 auto-antibody and sero-conversion in colorectal cancer

Ref.	Patients, method	Follow-up	Findings
Müller et al[123]	303 patients, 197 colon, 46 rectal	Median 6 mo	All cancers: 3.6% (11/303) sero(-)→ (+); 3.6% (11/303) sero(+)→ (-); Total 7.2% (22/303) sero-conversion.
			Colon cancer: 3% (4/137) sero(-)→ (+); 3.6% (5/137) sero(+)→ (-); Total 6.6% (9/137) sero-conversion.
			Rectal cancer: 6.5% (2/31) sero(-)→ (+); 3.2% (2/31) sero(+)→ (-); Total 12.9% (4/31) sero-conversion
Lechpammer et al[88]	Immunoblot 32 , ELISA (Oncogene, Research Products, Cambridge, United States)	Up to 20 wk; 8 patients-48 wk	Non-significant decrease at 4 wk (pre-first cycle chemo) and significant decrease at 12 wk post-surgery
			Significant decreases during chemotherapy and 2 patients with anti-p53 increase at 12 wk (during chemotherapy) developed recurrence
			8 patients with extended follow-up: 7/8 had decreased anti-p53 with no recurrence. 1/8 anti-p53 decrease post-surgery/chemotherapy but increased at 12 wk corresponding with liver metastases. Anti-p53 fluctuates in response to tumour load but does not disappear. Anti-p53 levels reflects tumour load even during chemotherapy
Takeda et al[174]	30 CUR A, 5 CUR B, 5 CUR C, anti-p53 EIA, Pharmacell	Median 26 mo (13-144)	CUR A (n = 30): 28/30 sero(+)→(-) in 6 mo; 2 no sero-conversion: 1 recurrence
			CUR B (n = 5): 2 sero(+)→(-) no recurrence. 3 no sero-conversion, 2 had metastases
			CUR C: No sero-conversion
			Correlation between post-operative negative conversion and operative curability
Takeda et al[98]	17 mucosal/submucosal, ELISA (anti-p53 EIA, Pharmacell, France)	Up to 2 years	94%, 16/17 sero(+)→(-) within 3 wk post-surgery
			No recurrences as early stage tumours and hence not able to comment on anti-p53 and recurrence rates
Polge et al[128]	10, ELISA (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany)	Up to 6 mo	8 followed-up: 5/8 remained sero(+) post-operatively. All developed metastases
			3/8 decreased anti-p53 titres. No metastases or recurrence.
			Anti-p53 titres decreased within 1 mo of surgery/chemotherapy but no sero-conversion to anti-p53(-)
Angelopoulou et al[81]	6, “In house” immunofluorometric assay	Up to 17 mo	Anti p53 decreases with surgery/chemotherapy but persists at low levels
			Anti-p53 increases with recurrence
			Anti-p53 reflects tumour load more sensitively than CEA (n = 5) and in non-CEA producing tumour (n = 1)
Hammel et al[175]	12, “In house” ELISA	Up to 20 mo	Anti-p53 in 5/8 patients decrease by > 25% within 1 mo.
			At 1 year, 3 with normal anti-p53 levels and 3 with substantial decrease in anti-p53 remain disease-free
			2 patients with post-operative increased anti-p53: 1 developed recurrence and 1 developed metastases
			Anti-p53 decreased again following surgery in both patients. CEA and CA19-9 were normal in both cases

Sero(-): Sero-negative; Sero(+): Sero-positive; CUR A: No residual tumour macroscopically; CUR B: No residual tumour but not as evaluable as CUR A; CUR C: Definite residual tumour; CEA: Carcino-embryonic antigen.