Thinking outside the liver: Induced pluripotent stem cells for hepatic applications

Table 5 Direct conversion approaches for specific cell types

Ref.	Key factors	Direct converted cell type
Vierbuchen et al[109]	Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l	Transdifferentiated mouse fibroblasts into functional neuronal cells
Ieda et al[110]	Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5	Transdifferentiated mouse dermal fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells
Szabo et al[111]	Oct4	Transdifferentiated human fibroblast cells into hematopoietic progenitors
Huang et al[112]	Gata4, Hnf1α and Foxa3, and inactivation of p19Arf	Transdifferentiated mouse tail-tip fibroblasts into hepatocyte-like cell

Brn2: Brain-2; Ascl1: Achaete-scute homolog 1; Myt1l: Myelin transcription factor 1; Gata4: GATA binding protein 4; Mef2c: Myocyte enhancer factor 2; Tbx5: T-box protein 5; Hnf1α: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α; Foxa3: Forkhead box protein A3; p19: protein p19; Oct: Octamer-binding transcription factor.