Noninvasive methods for prediction of esophageal varices in pediatric patients with portal hypertension

Table 1 Univariate analysis for esophageal varices

Variables	Varices (n = 71)	No varices (n = 32)	P value
Age (yr)	9.1 ± 4.9	8.5 ± 4.4	0.530
AST (U/L)	87 (51-158)	68 (36-178)	0.417
ALT (U/L)	78 (40-141)	54 (22-160)	0.197
INR	1.2 (1.1-1.4)	1.1 (1.1-1.3)	0.066
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.4 (0.8-2.4)	0.6 (0.4-2.2)	0.016
Albumin (g/dL)	3.8 ± 0.6	4.1 ± 0.7	0.077
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	0.686
Splenomegaly	64 (95.5%)	22 (73.3%)	0.001
Spleen size (cm)	14.6 ± 3.3 (n = 65)	12.2 ± 2.7 (n = 24)	0.001
Spleen size z score	6.3 ± 3.2 (n = 65)	3.7 ± 2.6 (n = 24)	0.000
Platelets (103/μL)	102 ± 50.8	195 ± 85.2	0.000
Encephalopathy(1/2/3)1	31/0/0	68/3/0	0.245
Ascites (1/2/3)2	31/0/1	59/9/3	0.100
Model of end-stage liver disease	6.6 ± 4.6 (n = 23)	3.6 ± 7.1 (n = 8)	0.290
Pediatric end-stage liver disease	-1.3 ± 8.6 (n = 48)	-2.2 ± 10.2 (n = 24)	0.708
Child-Pugh A/B/C	35/31/5	22/8/2	0.169
Child score	7.0 ± 1.4	6.6 ± 1.3	0.074
Clinical prediction rule	103.6 ± 17.5 (n = 65)	121.1 ± 21.1 (n = 24)	0.001
Platelets/spleen size z score	16.7 (7.9-31.1)	47.1 (27.2-123.3)	0.000
APRI	2.3 (1.0-3.7)	1.0 (0.3-2.3)	0.001
Platelets/spleen size	0.7 (0.4-1.1) (n = 65)	1.3 (0.8-2.2) (n = 24)	0.000
Risk score	1.2 ± 2.6	-1.6 ± 2.9	0.000

¹Determined clinically or by electroencephalogram: 1 = none; 2 = grade 1 or 2; 3 = grade 3 or 4;

²Determined clinically or by ultrasound: 1 = no ascites; 2 = controlled or mild; 3 = moderate or tense. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; APRI: Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index.