Intestinal mucosal atrophy and adaptation

Table 1 Reported regulators of intestinal mucosal adaptation

Cytokines		Intracellular transducers of physical force effects		Nutrients
Stimuli	Ref.	Stimuli	Ref.	Stimuli	Ref.
PDGF-α	Sukhotnik et al[86]	FAK-Tyr 925	Chaturvedi et al[225]	L-arginine	Koppelmann et al[88]
HGF	Katz et al	Integrin-linked Kinase	Yuan et al[243]	Glutamine	Lardy et al[252]
Transforming GF-β	Sukhotnik et al[151]	RhoA	Chaturvedi et al[244]	Ornithine	Lardy et al[252]
IGF-1	Lund et al[92]	ROCK	Chaturvedi et al[244]	Butyrate	Bartholome et al[161]
VEGF	Parvadia et al	mDial	Chaturvedi et al[244]	Short-chain fructooligosaccharide	Barnes et al[163]
EGF	Warner et al[90]	-	-	-	-
GLP-2	Bortvedt et al[93]	-	-	-	-

PDGF: Platelet derived growth factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; GH: Growth hormone; GLP-2: Glucagon-like peptide-2; ROCK: Rho-associated kinases; mDia: The formin homology protein mDia1; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.