Celiac disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment

Table 7 Factors that support the diagnosis of celiac disease in patients with an increased density of intraepithelial lymphocytes but no villous shortening[194] (printed with permission)

Family history of celiac disease	15% of first-degree relatives are affected
Concomitant autoimmune conditions	Risk of coeliac disease approximately 5-fold
Increased density of γδ+ IELs	Sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.91
Increased density of villous tip IELs	Sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.95
HLA DQ2 or DQ8	High sensitivity, low specificity
	Negative predictive value high
Gluten dependence	Should be ascertained by gluten challenge or gluten-free diet

IELs: Intraepithelial lymphocytes; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen.