Tumor necrosis factor alpha increases intestinal permeability in mice with fulminant hepatic failure

Figure 2 Transmission electron microscopy of mouse intestine (8000×). Transmission electron microscopy of mice intestine from the D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and GalN/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) groups (A and B), the control groups (C, D, E and F), and the group that received antibody prior to fulminant hepatic failure induction (G) (8000×). A: At 6 h after injection in the GalN/LPS group. The mitochondria of the endothelial cells were loose. Tight junctions (TJs) (arrow) were disrupted. Organelles were swollen and had reduced electron density; some microvilli were loose. A TJ (arrow) was disrupted; B: At 6 h after injection in the GalN/TNF-α group, mitochondria, organelles and microvilli were similar to A. A TJ (arrow) was disrupted; C: The GalN control group; D: The LPS control group. Epithelial cells were slightly shrunken and TJs (arrow) were intact; E: TNF-α-treated group. TJ (arrow) was intact; F: The normal saline control group. Epithelial cells and TJ (arrow) were intact; G: Anti-TNF-α antibody and the GalN/LPS group. Epithelial cells were slightly shrunken and TJs (arrows) between endothelial cells were intact.