Double layered self-expanding metal stents for malignant esophageal obstruction, especially across the gastroesophageal junction

Table 3 Complications and causes of stent malfunctions n (%)

	Overall(n = 48)	GEJ obstruction(n = 18)	Non-GEJ obstruction(n = 30)	P value
Causes of stent malfunctions
Overgrowth	13 (27.1)	5 (27.8)	8 (26.7)	0.933
Migration	1 (2.1)	1 (5.6)	0 (0.0)	0.192
Food impaction	2 (4.2)	1 (5.6)	1 (3.3)	0.709
Other complications
Reflux esophagitis	13 (27.1)	8 (44.4)	5 (16.7)	0.036
Aspiration pneumonia	5 (10.4)	0 (0.0)	5 (16.7)	0.06
Fistula	2 (4.2)	0 (0.0)	2 (6.7)	0.263

GEJ obstruction, distal esophageal and gastroesophageal junction obstruction; Non-GEJ obstruction, middle and upper esophageal obstruction. GEJ: Gastroesophageal junction.