Age, smoking and overweight contribute to the development of intestinal metaplasia of the cardia

Table 5 Factors associated with intestinal metaplasia of the cardia n (%)

	Total	Intestinal metaplasia		P value	OR (95% CI)
		Absent	Present
No. of patients (%)	217	125 (58)	92 (42)
Indications for endoscopy
GERD1	141 (65)	106 (75)	35 (25)	NS
Epigastric pain1	62 (29)	41 (66)	21 (34)	NS
Gastric bypass	48 (22)	30 (63)	18 (37)	NS
Results of endoscopy
Normal	79 (36)	41 (52)	38 (48)	NS
GERD	26 (12)	10 (38)	16 (62)	0.060
Hiatus hernia	60 (28)	26 (43)	34 (57)	NS
Barrett's esophagus	28 (13)	13 (46)	15 (54)	NS
Other	29 (13)	17 (59)	12 (41)	NS
H. pylori
Positive	70 (32)	34 (49)	36 (51)
Negative	147 (68)	91 (62)	56 (28)	0.060
Reflux = 0	59 (27)	33 (56)	26 (44)
Reflux = 1	17 (8)	15 (88)	2 (12)
Reflux = 22	141 (65)	77 (55)	64 (45)	0.060
BMI	29.8 ± 10.6	31.61	27.33
Age	45.3 ± 15.3	43.29	50.68
Sex
Male	97 (45)	55 (57)	42 (43)	NS
Female	120 (55)	70 (58)	50 (42)	NS
Tobacco use
Non smoker	119	89	30
Past smoker	11	8	3	0.500	0.6 (0.13-1.9)
Current smoker all	87	28	59	0.001	6.19 (3.4-11.2)
Current smoker 0.5 p/d	48	14	32	0.001	4.23 (2.1-8.5)
Current smoker > 1.0 p/d	39	12	27	0.010	4.33 (2.1-9.1)
Antrum metaplasia	19	5	14	0.010	4.31 (1.49-12.4)
Fundus metaplasia	9	1	8	0.001	11.8 (1.45-96.1)

P value indicates results of the comparison of patients with or without intestinal metaplasia of the cardia.

¹patients may have more than one reason for endoscopy;

²data are missing. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; OR: Odds ratio; BMI: Body mass index; NS: Not significant; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.