Age, smoking and overweight contribute to the development of intestinal metaplasia of the cardia

Table 1 Characteristics of the cohort study group n (%)

	Total	Men	Women	P value	OR (95% CI)
No. of patients (%)	217	97 (45)	120 (55)
Age (yr)	45.3 ± 15.3	49.9 ± 16.5	43.3 ± 13.5
Reason for endoscopy1
Epigastric pain	62 (29)	31	31	NS
Barrett’s esophagus	26 (12)	20	6	0.01	4.94 (1.9-12.8)
Reflux grade 1	17 (8)	6	11	NS
Reflux grade 2	141 (65)	69	72	NS
Dyspepsia	9 (4)	3	6	NS
Dysphagia	2 (1)	2	0	NS
Gastric bypass	48 (22)	7	41	0.01	0.15 (0.06-0.35)
Anemia	5 (2)	2	3	NS
Celiac disease suspicion	7 (3)	4	3	NS
Ulcer follow-up	8 (4)	6	2	NS
Helicobacter antibiogram	4 (2)	1	3	NS
Personal history of reflux	141 (65)	69	72	NS
Tobacco use
Non smoker	119 (55)	46	73	NS
Past smoker	11 (5)	5	6	NS
Current smoker all	87 (40)	46	41	NS
Current smoker 0.5 p/d	48 (22)	27	21	NS
Current smoker > 1.0 p/d	39 (18)	19	20	NS
BMI	29.8 ± 10.6	32.4 ± 11.5	27.7 ± 7.7
PPI users	96 (44)	52	44	NS
NSAID users	37 (17)	20	17	NS

P value indicates results of the comparison of male and female patients.

¹Patients may have more than one pathology. OR: Odds ratio; BMI: Body mass index; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; NSAID: Non steroidal antiinflammatory drug; NS: Not significant.