Perinatal and early life risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease

Table 3 Associations between characteristics of the births and inflammatory bowel disease in the child

Characteristics of the births	No. of births	Crohn’s disease			Ulcerative colitis
		No. of cases	Percent	P-value1	No. of cases	Percent	P-value2
Presentation at delivery				0.47			1.00
Vertex	158 302	52	0.033%		26	0.016%
Other	8311	1	0.012%		1	0.012%
Caesarean birth				0.72			0.81
No	223 793	104	0.046%		63	0.028%
Yes	18 025	10	0.055%		3	0.017%
Forceps delivery				1.00			0.95
No	210 100	99	0.047%		58	0.028%
Yes	31 718	15	0.047%		8	0.025%
Sex				0.56			0.28
Male	127 829	55	0.043%		29	0.023%
Female	120 823	59	0.049%		37	0.031%
No. of babies				0.53			0.37
1	243 269	113	0.046%		63	0.026%
2+	5390	1	0.019%		3	0.056%
Gestational age (wk)				0.72			0.60
24-37	21 912	8	0.037%		5	0.023%
38-41	173 868	82	0.047%		51	0.029%
42-47	20 567	12	0.058%		3	0.014%
Birth weight (g)				0.72			0.46
1000-2999	58 553	31	0.053%		14	0.024%
3000-3499	168 149	73	0.043%		43	0.026%
3500+	21 151	10	0.047%		9	0.043%
Head circumference (cm)				0.34			0.99
< 34	34 681	13	0.037%		6	0.017%
34-35	39 128	15	0.038%		6	0.015%
35-36	38 528	6	0.016%		7	0.018%
36+	51 035	14	0.027%		7	0.014%
Breastfeeding				0.89			0.67
Artificial	50 966	17	0.033%		10	0.020%
Breastfed	117 364	36	0.031%		18	0.015%
Apgar 1 score				0.34			0.99
1-5	21 356	14	0.066%		6	0.028%
6-8	64 469	27	0.042%		16	0.025%
9-10	140 267	57	0.041%		37	0.026%
Apgar 5 score				0.87			0.61
1-5	884	0			1	0.11%
6-8	4229	2	0.047%		0
9-10	148 835	43	0.029%		23	0.015%

^1,2P-values obtained through χ² tests, with Yates continuity corrections;

¹Comparing those with Crohn’s disease with those without known inflammatory bowel disease (IBD);

²Comparing those with ulcerative colitis with those without known IBD.