Helicobacter pylori's virulence and infection persistence define pre-eclampsia complicated by fetal growth retardation

Table 4 Seropositivity against Helicobacter pylori, cytotoxin-associated antigen A, vacuolating cytotoxin A, ureases A, C, E and H, heat shock protein B and flagellin A n (%)

	Controls (n = 49)	All PE (n = 49)	PE-only (n = 17)	PE FGR (n = 32)	FGR-only (n = 13)	P value12	Odds ratio1 (95% CI)
Helicobacter pylori	21 (42.9)35	42 (85.7)3	12 (70.6)	30 (93.8)5	6 (46.2)	35< 0.001	39.22 (2.83-30.04)
							535.56 (5.22-242.43)
CagA	11 (22.4)345	40 (81.6)3	11 (64.7)4	29 (90.6)5	5 (38.5)	35< 0.001	317.66 (5.25-59.49)
						40.038	45.20 (1.09-24.69)
							554.97 (9.24-326.88)
VacA	20 (40.8)35	37 (75.5)3	9 (52.9)	28 (87.5)5	6 (46.2)	30.005	34.89 (1.62-14.73)
						5< 0.001	519.64 (3.75-102.98)
HspB	15 (30.6)	21 (42.9)	5 (29.4)	16 (50.0)	6 (46.2)	NS
FlagA	13 (26.5)	22 (44.9)	6 (35.3)	16 (50.0)	5 (38.5)	NS
UreA	10 (20.4)	13 (26.5)	4 (23.5)	9 (28.1)	3 (23.1)	NS
UreC	13 (26.5)35	19 (38.8)3	4 (23.5)	15 (46.9)5	4 (30.8)	30.042	32.84 (1.04-7.75)
						50.018	54.02 (1.27-12.80)
UreE	12 (24.5)35	26 (53.1)3	8 (47.1)	18 (56.3)5	3 (23.1)	30.004	34.41 (1.59-12.26)
						50.003	56.29 (1.88-21.04)
UreH	8 (16.3)	13 (26.5)	5 (29.4)	8 (25.0)	4 (30.8)	NS

¹Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, and presence of maternal and family risk factors;

²P values were calculated by χ² test;

³Comparison between controls and all PE group;

⁴Comparison between controls and PE-only group;

⁵Comparison between controls and PE FGR group. CI: Confidence intervals; NS: Non significant; PE: Pre-eclampsia; FGR: Fetal growth retardation; CagA: Cytotoxin-associated antigen A; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin A; HspB: Heat shock protein B; FlagA: Flagellin A; Ure: Ureases.