Editorial
Copyright ©2011 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 14, 2011; 17(38): 4258-4270
Published online Oct 14, 2011. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i38.4258
Table 1 Viral and inflammatory factors associated with the occurrence and prognosis of hepatitis-B-virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma
FactorOccurrenceRef.PrognosisRef.
Viral load
Sera≥ 104 copies/mL[9,11,12,15-17]> 104 copies/mL (poor survival)[99,100]
Non-cancerous liver tissues--> 3 × 107 copies/g (poor survival)[101]
HBV genotype/subgenotypeC2 > B2 C2: cirrhotic patients ≥ 50 yr B2: non-cirrhotic ones < 50 yr[15,24-26]C > B (poor survival) B2 in the young (recurrence)[15,104]
HBV mutation
IndividualC1653T, T1753V, T1674C/G A1762T/G1764A, C1766T, T1768A; G1899A, C2002T, A2159G, A2189C, G2203A/T; T53C, preS2 start codon mutation, preS1 deletion, C2964A, A2962G, C3116T, C7A[17,27-29]A1762T/G1764A and short stretch (< 100 bp) pre-S deletions in non-cancerous liver tissue of the HCC patients (poor survival)[101]
Combined2964C-3116T-preS2 start codon wildtype-7A; 2964C-3116T-7A-76C; 2964A-3116T-7C-76A/T; 2962G-preS2 start codon wildtype-105C-1762T/1764A[30,31]--
Intratumoral immune cellsM2 macrophage (risk), CD8 + T cells (protective); Imbalance between CD8 + T cells and Treg or between Th1 and Th2[52-58]NK and CD8 + T cell (good prognosis); Treg cells (poor prognosis)[106,107]
Inflammatory pathways and cytokinePathway: NF-κB, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-α1, RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, VEGF Cytokine: IL-6, TNF-α[60-81]IL-2 and IL-15 (good prognosis); G-CSF (poor prognosis); Wnt-1 protein (poor prognosis); LI-cadherin (short survival); ErbB-2 (short survival); Cyclooxygenase-2 (recurrence); Low miR-199-3p (poor survival)[108-113,116]
Genetic polymorphism of inflammatory moleculesHLA, TGF-β1, IL-β1, IL-18, IL-12, KIF1B-, UBE4B- or PGD-related pathways, NF-κB1, IκBα[82-88]VEGF
ALT> 45 U/L[17,28,31]> 50 U/L (poor survival)[104]
HBV: Hepatitis-B-virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NF: Nuclear factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF: Transforming growth factor; RAF: Raf protein kinases; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; AKT: Protein kinase B; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; G-CSF: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; LI: Liver intestine; NK: Natural killer.