Molecular biology of pancreatic cancer

Table 5 Level of risk according to cumulative risk factors

Factors	Risk level
Race/sex: Male; black; Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Exposures: obesity; smoking; diabetes mellitus; Helicobacter pylori infection.Family history: Cancer history in a first-degree relative; history of pancreatic cancer in one first-degree relative. Inherited conditions: Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer; familial adenomatous polyposis; BRCA1 mutation carrier	Low (less than 5-fold)
Family history: History of pancreatic cancer in two first-degree relatives. Inherited conditions: cystic fibrosis; BRCA2 mutation carrier. Comorbidity: Chronic pancreatitis	Moderate (5- to 10-fold)
Inherited conditions: FAMMM kindreds with p16 germline mutation and at least one case of pancreatic cancer in a first-degree or second-degree relative; hereditary pancreatitis; Peutz–Jeghers syndrome; BRCA2 or BRCA1 mutation carrier with at least one case of pancreatic cancer in a first-degree or second-degree relative. Family history: Three or more first-degree; second-degree or third-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer	High (greater than 10-fold)

FAMMM: Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma.