Hepatitis B and C infection and liver disease trends among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals

Table 5 Correlates of liver disease, chronic hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus by multivariate (proportional hazards) analyses. Adult/adolescent spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases project, 11 U.S. metropolitan areas; 1998-2004

	Proportional hazards ratio1-an estimate of relative risk (95% CI)
Characteristic	Liver disease	Chronic HBV	HCV
Male gender	1.2 (1.0-1.5)	1.7 (1.4-2.0)	1.3 (1.1-1.4)
White non-hispanic	1.9 (1.6-2.3)	1.0 (0.9-1.1)	1.3 (1.1-1.4)
Hispanic	2.2 (1.8-2.7)	0.7 (0.6-0.8)	1.4 (1.3-1.4)
Asian/pacific islander non-hispanic	2.3 (1.1-5.0)	1.0 (0.5-1.8)	1.0 (0.6-1.7)
Native American non-Hispanic	3.1 (1.5-6.3)	0.3 (0.1-1.3)	1.4 (0.9-2.1)
Each increase in decade of age relative to those 13-29 yr	1.4 (1.3-1.5)	1.0 (1.9-1.1)	1.3 (1.2-1.3)
MSM	0.9 (0.7-1.1)	1.4 (1.2-1.7)	0.7 (0.7-0.8)
IDU	2.2 (1.8-2.6)	1.2 (1.1-1.4)	4.7 (4.4-5.1)
Hemophiliac	2.6 (1.0-6.5)	0.9 (0.3-2.8)	7.0 (4.8-10.2)
HAART	1.0 (0.8-1.2)	0.1 (0.1-0.2)	0.4 (0.4-0.4)
CD4 < 200 cells/microliter	1.8 (1.2-2.6)	3.9 (2.9-5.2)	1.6 (1.4-1.9)
CD4 200-499 cells/microliter	1.0 (0.7-1.5)	2.0 (1.5-2.7)	1.3 (1.1-1.5)
Alcohol use/problem drinking	1.4 (1.1-1.6)	0.7 (0.6-0.8)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)
Chronic HBV	1.4 (1.1-1.7)	N/A	1.3 (1.1-1.4)
HCV	1.6 (1.3-1.9)	1.6 (1.4-1.8)	N/A

¹Adjusted for each factor in the model plus intensity of health services utilization (number outpatient visits in a grouped linear variable) and study entry year. HAART: Highly active antiretroviral; CD4: CD4+ lymphocyte; N/A indicates not applicable; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; MSM: Male-male sex; IDU: Injection drug use.