Pyogenic liver abscess: An audit of 10 years’ experience

Table 7 Univariate analysis of factors that may lead to failure in initial percutaneous therapy

	Treatment successful	Treatment failure	P-value
Demographic characteristics and history
Age (yr), mean (95% CI)	67 (62-73)	63 (57-69)	0.26
Sex (M:F)	20:11	15:08	1.00
Prodrome (days), median (IQR)	7 (3-20)	7 (5-14)	0.88
History of gallstone disease, n (%)	8 (27)	5 (22)	0.76
History of diabetes mellitus, n (%)	4 (13)	3 (13)	1.00
Chronic renal failure, n (%)	1 (3.3)	1 (4.4)	1.00
Current cancer, n (%)	6 (20)	5 (22)	1.00
Examination findings, n (%)
Fever	16 (53)	12 (63)	0.56
Tachycardia	13 (43)	11 (58)	0.39
Hypotension	4 (13)	1 (5.3)	0.64
Laboratory findings, mean (95% CI)
Leucocytes (× 109/L)	15.2 (13.1-17.4)	13.6 (11.2-16.0)	0.30
Neutrophil (× 109/L)	12.8 (10.8-14.9)	11.7 (9.5-13.8)	0.43
Haemoglobin (g/L)	114 (106-121)	120 (110-130)	0.26
Platelet (× 109/L)	341 (255-426)	319 (250-388)	0.70
Urea (mmol/L)	9.3 (6.8-11.9)	6.5 (5.3-7.7)	0.07
Creatinine (μmol/L)	110 (83-138)	103 (86-121)	0.70
CRP (mg/L)	287 (236-338)	258 (193-324)	0.47
Albumin (g/L)	32 (29-35)	28 (25-31)	0.045
AST (U/L)	187 (30-344)	70 (43-97)	0.19
ALT (U/L)	149 (37-260)	84 (55-114)	0.33
GGT (U/L)	193 (115-271)	183 (96-269)	0.85
ALP (U/L)	201 (154-249)	203 (143-262)	0.97
Bilirubin (μmol/L)	29 (13-45)	26 (19-32)	0.75
Glucose (mmol/L)	7.9 (6.7-9.0)	7.6 (6.4-8.9)	0.79
INR	1.2 (1.1-1.3)	1.4 (1.0-1.8)	0.24
Microbiology
Positive blood culture, n (%)	12 (43)	9 (47)	0.78
Positive aspirate culture, n (%)	17 (61)	17 (85)	0.11
Organism, n (%)			0.19
Streptococcus milleri	8 (26)	8 (35)
Klebsiella species	5 (16)	7 (30)
Escherichia coli	6 (19)	0 (0)
Other	6 (19)	4 (17)
Negative cultures	6 (19)	4 (17)
Imaging findings
Multiple abscesses, n (%)	7 (24)	10 (45)	0.14
Side of liver, n (%)			0.10
Left	5 (17)	2 (10)
Right	23 (77)	13 (62)
Bilateral involvement	2 (7)	6 (29)
Abscess diameter, median (IQR)	6.0 (3.8-9.5)	6.5 (5.0-8.4)	0.83
Diameter > 5 cm	11 (41)	7 (35)	1.00
Presence of gas, n (%)	5 (17)	1 (5)	0.38
Biliary duct dilatation, n (%)	6 (20)	2 (10)	0.45
Intervention
Percutaneous drain insertion (vs percutaneous aspiration)	24 (77)	19 (83)	0.74
Cause
Presumptive cause, n (%)			0.60
Cryptogenic	8 (29)	9 (41)
Biliary	7 (25)	5 (23)
Portal	6 (21)	4 (18)
Haematogenous	5 (18)	3 (14)
Direct	2 (7)	1 (5)

AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; CRP: C-reactive protein; GGT: Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; INR: International normalized ratio.