Mindin is upregulated during colitis and may activate NF-κB in a TLR-9 mediated manner

Figure 2 Mindin mRNA expression is upregulated by CpG-ODN stimulation. About 1 × 10⁵ RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in 12-well plates and stimulated with cytokines of mouse recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands of Pam3-CSK4, peptidoglycans (PGN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin and CpG-ODN 1585 (B) for 8 h, then cells were harvested for RNA isolation and relative mRNA expression of mindin was analyzed using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In each group, bars represent mean ± SD; ^bP < 0.01 vs unstimulated cells.