Reproductive changes associated with celiac disease

Table 1 Reproductive changes in celiac disease

Altered female fertility	Delayed onset of menarche, amenorrhea, early menopause, recurrent abortions, reduced rates of pregnancy
Altered male fertility	Gonadal dysfunction, altered sperm morphology and motility, reduced sexual activity
Alterations in pregnancy	Repeated miscarriages, premature delivery an impaired fetal growth with low birth weight, abnormal placental function
Postpartum activation of celiac disease	Hormonal or immune changes