Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: Understanding the evolving relationship

Table 1 Short and long-term outcomes with Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease

Short-term outcomes

Toxic megacolon

Colonic perforation

Peritonitis with sepsis

? Increased hospitalization duration and costs

Colectomy rates highly variable

Long-term outcomes

Increased UC related hospitalization and emergency room visits

? Escalation of medical treatment

Increased rate of colectomy

UC: Ulcerative colitis.