A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease

Table 2 In vivo studies on plants used in traditional Iranian medicine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Study	Model	Species	Plant	Part	Results
Wang et al[64]	Carrageenan- or dextran- induced paw edema	Rat	Althaea rosea	Ethanolic extract of flower	Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect
Fan et al[65]	Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced inflammation	Rat	Boswellia carterii	Gum resin extract	Lengthened paw withdrawal latency, ↓paw edema, ↓spinal Fos protein expression, no noticeable adverse effects observed
Banno et al[66]	TPA-induced inflammation	Mouse	Boswellia carteri	Compounds isolated from methanol extract of the resin	Marked anti-inflammatory activity
Kiela et al[67]	DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis	Mouse	Boswellia serrata	Gum resin extract	Ineffective in ameliorating colitis, ↑the basal and IL-1β-stimulated NF-κB activity in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro as well as reverse proliferative effects of IL-1β, hepatotoxicity effect with pronounced hepatomegaly and steatosis was observed
Mencarelli et al[68]	TNBS-induced colitis	Mouse	Commiphora mukul	Guggulsterone	↓Severity of disease and the fecal score and colon inflammation, ↓IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ as well as T cell proliferation
Cheon et al[69]	DSS-induced colitis	Mouse	Commiphora mukul	Guggulsterone	↓NF-κB signaling pathway, attenuates acute colitis
Birdane et al[70]	Ethanol-induced gastric lesions	Rat	Foeniculum vulgare	Aqueous extract	↓Gastric mucosal lesion, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↑antioxidant activity
Choi et al[71]	Carrageenan-induced paw edema, arachidonic acid-induced ear edema, formaldehyde-induced arthritis, DNFB-induced contact hypersensitivity reaction	Mouse	Foeniculum vulgare	Fruit methanolic extract	Anti-inflammatory and central analgesic effect, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↑antioxidant activity
Al-Yahya et al[72]	Carrageenan-induced paw edema	Rat	Lepidium sativum	Ethanolic extract of seed	Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, potentiate gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin
Kim et al[73]	DSS-induced colitis	Mouse	Pistacia lentiscus	Oleogum resin	Delayed the onset and progression of the disease, prevent weight loss
Al-Said et al[74]	Gastric mucosal damage induced by pyloric ligation, aspirin, phenylbutazone, and reserpine	Rat	Pistacia lentiscus	Oleogum resin	↓Intensity of gastric mucosal damage
Rodríguez-Cabezas et al[75]	TNBS-induced colitis	Rat	Plantago ovata	Seed	Ameliorated the development of colonic inflammation, ↓some of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, leukotriene B4, and TNF-α;↑production of short chain fatty acids, butyrate and propionate
Rodríguez-Cabezas et al[76]	TNBS-induced colitis	Rat	Plantago ovata	Seed	↓Colonic myeloperoxidase activity, restoration of colonic glutathione levels
Joo et al[77]	DSS-induced colitis	Mouse	Solanum nigrum	A glycoprotein (SNL glycoprotein) isolated from fruit	↓NO production, ↓free radical formation, suppressive effect on activities of NF-κB, regulates the expression of iNOS and Cox-2
Jainu et al[78]	Acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers	Rat	Solanum nigrum	Fruit extract	↓Gastric lesions induced by cold restraint stress (76.6%), indomethacin (73.8%), pyloric ligation (80.1%) and ethanol (70.6%) with equal or higher potency than omeprazole, ↓gastric secretory volume and acidity and pepsin secretion, ↑rate of healing of ulcers, ↓H(+)K(+)ATPase activity, ↓gastrin secretion
Akhtar et al[79]	Aspirin-induced gastric ulcers	Rat	Solanum nigrum	Powder from aerial parts and its methanolic extract	↓Ulcer index, ↓acid and pepsin secretions
Mahesh et al[80]	-	Rat	Terminalia chebula	Aqueous extract of fruit	Modulate oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant status in the liver and kidney
Bhattacharya et al[81]	-	Rat	Terminalia chebula	Ethanolic extract of fruit	↑Rate of healing of gastric lesion induced by indomethacin, ↓lipid peroxidation

TNBS: 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; DNBS: 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; DSS: Dextran-sulfate sodium, TPA: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; IL: Interleukin; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; IFN: Interferon; DNFB: 2,4-dinitrofluoro benzene; NO: Nitric oxide; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; SNL: Solanum nigrum L.; Cox: Cyclooxygenase.