Pre-illness changes in dietary habits and diet as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study

Table 3 Association between pre-illness intake of foods and beverages and risk of ulcerative colitis in patients who did not modify the diet before diagnosis

	Controls	Ulcerative colitis
	n (%)	n (%)	OR1 (95% CI)
Pasta and/or rice
Low	67 (41.88)	7 (26.92)	2
Moderate	68 (42.50)	12 (46.15)	1.89 (0.66-5.41)
High	25 (15.63)	7 (26.92)	3.38 (0.99-11.47)
Bread
Low	60 (37.50)	6 (23.08)	2
Moderate	55 (34.38)	9 (34.62)	1.31 (0.42-4.13)
High	45 (28.13)	11 (42.31)	2.40 (0.80-7.26)
Sweets and cakes
Low	52 (32.50)	10 (38.46)	2
Moderate	49 (30.63)	4 (15.38)	0.37 (0.10-1.33)
High	59 (36.88)	12 (46.15)	0.96 (0.36-2.51)
Red meat
Low	73 (45.63)	12 (46.15)	2
Moderate	38 (23.75)	8 (30.77)	1.22 (0.45-3.32)
High	49 (30.63)	6 (23.08)	0.63 (0.20-1.94)
White meat
Low	45 (28.13)	5 (19.23)	2
Moderate	70 (43.75)	17 (65.38)	2.04 (0.69-6.05)
High	45 (28.13)	4 (15.38)	0.75 (0.19-3.04)
Tuna fish
Low	37 (23.13)	10 (38.46)	2
Moderate	48 (30.00)	6 (23.08)	0.43 (0.13-1.37)
High	75 (46.88)	10 (38.46)	0.49 (0.18-1.36)
Fish
Low	61 (38.13)	17 (65.38)	2
Moderate	39 (24.38)	3 (11.54)	0.33 (0.09-1.26)
High	60 (37.50)	6 (23.08)	0.33 (0.11-0.92)
Processed meat
Low	50 (31.25)	9 (34.62)	2
Moderate	57 (35.63)	10 (38.46)	0.82 (0.28-2.36)
High	53 (33.13)	7 (26.92)	0.63 (0.21-1.91)
Milk
Low	45 (28.13)	13 (50.00)	2
Moderate	36 (22.50)	3 (11.54)	0.30 (0.08-1.19)
High	79 (49.38)	10 (38.46)	0.55 (0.21-1.40)
Cheese
Low	43 (26.88)	8 (30.77)	2
Moderate	70 (43.75)	11 (42.31)	0.93 (0.33-2.63)
High	47 (29.38)	7 (26.92)	0.98 (0.31-3.12)
Eggs
Low	44 (27.50)	11 (42.31)	2
Moderate	51 (31.88)	11 (42.31)	0.78 (0.30-2.06)
High	65 (40.63)	4 (15.38)	0.21 (0.06-0.73)
Potatoes
Low	25 (15.63)	10 (38.46)	2
Moderate	78 (48.75)	11 (42.31)	0.39 (0.14-1.09)
High	57 (35.63)	5 (19.23)	0.24 (0.09-0.83)
Vegetables
Low	44 (27.67)	11 (42.31)	2
Moderate	67 (42.14)	10 (38.46)	0.49 (0.18-1.35)
High	48 (30.19)	5 (19.23)	0.37 (0.11-1.21)
Fruits
Low	48 (30.00)	9 (34.62)	2
Moderate	61 (38.13)	11 (42.31)	1.12 (0.42-3.01)
High	51 (31.88)	6 (23.08)	0.41 (0.13-1.35)
Refined sugar
Low	57 (35.63)	9 (34.62)	2
Moderate	45 (28.13)	12 (46.15)	1.52 (0.57-4.09)
High	58 (36.25)	5 (19.23)	0.57 (0.17-1.87)
Butter
Low	28 (17.50)	1 (3.85)	2
Moderate	88 (55.00)	18 (69.23)	6.02 (0.75-47.97)
High	44 (27.50)	7 (26.92)	5.18 (0.58-46.20)
Margarine
Low	57 (35.63)	1 (3.85)	2
Moderate	84 (52.50)	19 (73.08)	11.80 (1.51-91.99)
High	19 (11.88)	6 (23.08)	21.37 (2.32-196.6)
Olive oil
Low	47 (29.38)	6 (23.08)	2
Moderate	88 (55.00)	16 (61.54)	1.40 (0.50-3.93)
High	25 (15.63)	4 (15.38)	1.16 (0.29-4.63)
Seed oil
Low	33 (20.63)	1 (3.85)	2
Moderate	97 (60.63)	22 (84.62)	7.26 (0.93-56.53)
High	30 (18.75)	3 (11.54)	3.82 (0.36-40.14)

¹From unconditional logistic regression models including terms for age (5-year groups), sex, years of education, tobacco consumption (never, ex-smoker, current smoker of < 15, 15-24, ≥ 25 cigarettes/d) and body mass index (quintiles);

²Reference category.