Probiotic Bio-Three induces Th1 and anti-inflammatory effects in PBMC and dendritic cells

Figure 3 Effects of Bio-Three re-stimulation on cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated at 2 wk after consumption, compared with controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (10⁵ cells/mL) were stimulated at a host cell: bacteria ratio of 1:1, 1:10 and 1:100. A: At 24 h after bacterial stimulation, cell culture supernatants were collected and cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; B: The remaining cells in the culture plates were mixed with TRIzol Reagent, and cytokine mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The fold increases were compared to that of control cells, which was set at 1. The columns represent the means and error bars indicate the SD. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control cells; ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01 vs controls at the same host cell:bacteria ratio. IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; IL-4: Interleukin-4; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.