Endoscopic submucosal dissection training with pig models in a Western country

Table 2 Results of the 30 ESD procedures performed in the ex vivo model, in vivo model 1 (first 11 resections in the live pigs), in vivo model 2 (last 11 resections in the live pigs) (mean ± SD)

	n	Size (mm)	Time from marking until circumferential cutting (min)	Time from circumferential cutting until end of dissection (min)	Total time (min)	Proper muscle layer injury (n)	Open perforation (n)	Major bleeding (n)
Esophagus
Ex vivo	2	29.5 ± 2.1	29.5 ± 20.5	25.5 ± 13.4	55.0 ± 7.1	1	0	0
In vivo1	3	49.3 ± 4.0	45.3 ± 8.1	53.3 ± 14.7	98.7 ± 23.2	1	0	0
In vivo2	4	29.7 ± 7.6	21.2 ± 10.9	44.2 ± 22.8	65.5 ± 26.5	2	0	0
Stomach
Ex vivo	6	45.3 ± 8.5	33.7 ± 12.0	39.2 ± 13.7	72.8 ± 15.2	2	0	0
In vivo1	8	57.0 ± 27.7	43.7 ± 23.3	67.0 ± 61.1	110.7 ± 79.5	1	1	0
In vivo2	7	51.0 ±11.3	36.3 ± 13.6	27.6 ± 10.0	65.3 ± 15.7	0	0	0